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Forgers & Allies

Landesgericht Wiesbaden Trial & Verdict Coverage

On 15 March 2018 the Landesgericht Wiesbaden found the two owners of the SNZ gallery, Itzhak Z. and Moez Ben H. guilty of fraud, attempted fraud and document falsification. They were sentenced for 2 years and 8 months and 3 years respectively, as well as ordered to pay fines and damages exceeding 1 million euro

This page will attempt to shed some extra light on this major verdict against the Wiesbaden art forgery ring. As the written verdict takes several weeks to be published the information about the conviction and trial will be shown trough the media coverage the trial has received, as well as investigative journalism articles. As soon as the written verdict is published this page will be updated

During the Wiesbaden court-proceedings it was alleged that the owners of the SNZ gallery had been funding and using The International Chamber of Russian Modernism (InCoRM) as a vehicle to authenticate and promote their fakes. For research and archival purposes the complete archives of the InCoRM Journal and Forum can be found underneath

Lastly a complete list of artists whose work has been forged by the Wiesbaden art forgery ring can be seen, as well as a call for documentation, expertises and lab-reports

PLEASE NOTE: None of the documents or names are produced by Authentication in Art or affiliate parties. Nothing on this page is a statement of opinion by Authentication in Art. All documentation is left in their original state and reflect the (legal) opinion of the author. Authentication in Art is not responsible or liable for any of the contents of these documents

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News-report on the verdict of the Landesgericht Wiesbaden, Hessenschau, d.d. 15-03-2018

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Written Articles on the Wiesbaden Forgery Case

Please note that several articles are written in German. From the German articles it becomes apparent that the SNZ-Gallery was funding the foundation of InCoRM in 2007, as well as being it principle sponsor for a period. Furthermore it is stated that InCoRM members were paid to provide certificates of authenticity, as well as several of the forged works on trial were published in publications on various Russian artists by InCoRM members

£3bn art fraud case collapses after German court told ‘fakes’ are real thing – The Telegraph (16-03-2018)

Russian avant-garde forgery case ends in convictions and disappointments – The Guardian (16-03-2018)

Wiesbadener Kunstfälscher-Prozess: Angeklagte zu Freiheitsstrafen verurteilt – Wiesbadener Tagblatt (15-03-2018)

Kunstfälscher-Prozess in Wiesbaden: Verfahrenskosten und Einzug von Vermögen als Strafe – Wiesbadener Tagblatt. (07-02-2018)

“Er ist schon ein großer, guter Händler”Kunstfälscher-Prozess in Wiesbaden (21-07-2015)

Anklageschrift im Kunstfälscherprozess in Wiesbaden: Staatsanwaltschaft beziffert Schaden auf knapp elf Millionen Euro – Wiesbadener Kurier (16-02-2015).

Kunstfälscher-Prozess droht zu platzen – Frankfurter Rundschau (11-02-2015)

Kunstfälschung:Es roch nach frischer Farbe – Die Zeit (30-10-2014)

Charges made against two men in Russian avantgarde forgery case – The Art Newspaper (18-09-2014)

Multimillion-pound international art forgery ring busted, say German police (13-06-2013)

InCoRM List of Publications

InCoRM was allegedly used by the convicted SNZ-Gallery owners as a vehicle to authenticate and create credibility for their forgeries. One of the alleged ways to do so was trough the InCoRM Journal and other publications. To ensure that publications in the InCoRM Journal and Forum remain accessible AiA has archived all InCoRM publications underneath

InCoRM Journal Vol. 1 No. 1, 2009

Patricia Railing & Ariane Hofstetter, Editorial, p.1.

Nicholas Eastaugh, Authenticity and the Scientific Method, pp. 3-12.

Erhard Jägers, Scientists Under Fire?, pp. 13-14.

Maria Valyaeva, The Mystery of the Monogram, pp. 15-20.

Patricia Railing, Jean Metzinger and Liubov Popova’s Cubist “Figures”, pp. 21-34.

Ariane Hofstetter, Commentary – Questions of Connoisseurship, pp. 35-37.

Erhard Jägers & Patricia Railing, Report. A Suprematist Painting by Ivan Kliun, pp. 38-41.

Books/Catalogues, pp. 42-43.

Exhibitions, pp. 44-47.

InCoRM Journal Vol. 1 No. 2-3, 2010

Patricia Railing & Ariane Hofstetter, Editorial, p.1.

On the General Statutes and Code of Good Practice of The Expert Members of InCoRM, pp. 2-5.

Jean Chauvelin, Témoinages / Encouters, pp. 6-11.

Christina Burrus, The Valeri Dudakov Collection, pp. 12-16.

Gleb Pospelov, Russian Avant-Garde Rediscovered, pp. 17-18.

Svetlana Dzharafarova, The Life Of Russian Avant-Garde Works: An Essay In History, pp. 19-22.

Katie Baudin & Ariane Hofstetter, The Museum as Innovator, pp. 23-26.

Patricia Railing, Laurette Thomas and Ilenia Cassan, The Interaction of Scientific and Art Historical Investigations into Works of Art, pp. 27-31.

Sergio Ruiz-Moreno & Alejandro López-Gil Serra, Contributions Towards the Palette of Liubov Popova, pp. 32-41.

Patricia Railing, Report. Drawing Conclusions from Scientific Analysis, pp. 42-44.

Book Reviews, pp. 45-47.

Books / Catalogues / Special Events, pp. 48-51.

InCoRM Journal Vol. 2 Spring-Autum, 2011

Patricia Railing & Ariane Hofstetter, Editorial, p.7.

The Expert Opinion: Papers given at the Annual General Meeting of InCoRM, pp. 8-16.

Valery Turchin, Translation: Vasily Kandinsky, On Painting Techniques, pp. 17-20.

Valery Turchin, Kandinsky and Technique. Craftsmanship and Virtuosity, pp. 21-25.

Anthony Parton, Goncharova’s Rayism, pp. 26-33.

Patricia Railing & Caroline Wallis, Light Painting, pp. 34-46.

Patricia Railing, Report: Malevich’s Suprematist Palette, pp. 47-57.

Maria Valyaeva, Exhibition and Book Review, pp. 58-61.

Catalogue & Books reviews, pp. 62-67.

Catalogue Reviews, pp. 68-70.

Lectures, p. 71.

InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autum, 2012

Patricia Railing, Editorial, p. 7.

Glossary and Acronyms, p. 8.

Patricia Railing, Ivan Morozov Talks to Félix Fénéon in 1920, pp. 9-13.

Svetlana Dzhafarova, The Museum of Artistic Culture – A Policy of Disseminating Modern Art, pp. 14-27. 

Excerpt Alexander Rodchenko: Report on the Factual Activities of the Museum Bureau, p. 28

Patricia Railing, The Purge of Modern Trends, pp. 34-48.

Petra Mandt, The Paintings of Kazimir Malevich in the Ludwig Collection from the Art-Technological Point of View, pp. 49.58.

Patricia Railing, Report: A Question of Provenance, pp. 59-60.

Catalogue and Book Reviews, pp. 61-70.

InCoRM Journal Vol. 3 Spring-Autum, 2013

Patricia Railing, Editorial, p.7.

Patricia Railing, Maximilian Voloshin: What Do Icons Teach?, pp. 8-11.

Anthony Parton, Translation Mikhail Larionov: Foreword, Exhibition of Origian Icon Paintings and Lubki,1913, pp. 12-14

Anthony Parton, Keys to the Enigmas of the World: Russian Icons in the Theory and Practice of Mikhail Larionov, 1913, pp. 15-24.

Patricia Railing, Translation Igor Stravinsky: What I Wanted to Express in The Rite of Spring, 1913, pp. 25-26.

Peter Stupples, Kuznetzov and Bukhara, 1913, pp. 27-33.

Geeorgii Kovalenko, Alexandra Exter’s Dynamic City in 1913, pp. 34-39.

Valery Turchin, From Object to Abstract in Kandinsky’s Painting, 1913, pp. 40-44.

Excerpt Vasily Kandinsky: Painting with White Border,1913, pp. 45-47.

Catalogue and Book Reviews, pp. 48-53.

InCoRM Forum Posts

Welcome, 27 September 2010.

Art Historians Viciously Attacked, 4 May 2011.

Press-Statement, A Question of Values, 14 June 2011.

InCoRM Member’s Forum Response to article of 14 June, 15 June 2011.

Tretiakov Gallery Disgraced, 25 August 2011.

Accusations of “Fake”, 25 June 2013.

What InCoRM is, 26 June 2013.

Return to Sender, 6 July 2013.

German Raids of June 2013, 31 January 2014.

Right of Reply Anréi Nakov, 19 June 2014.

Fake or Fortune: on the Issue of Forgery of Russian Avant-Garde Art, 19 December 2015.

No “Ring of Forgers” of Russian Avant-Garde Paintings, Declares Wiesbaden Court, 12 November 2016.

Toporovsky Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent, 22 January 2018.

List of Forged Artists & Call for Documentation, Expertises and Lab-Reports

During the Wiesbaden trial and its preliminary research it became apparent that thousands of artworks by 85 different artists had been forged and sold through the SNZ Gallery. Allegedly the forged works were given credibility trough research- and authenticity documentation, expertises and lab-reports by various InCoRM members. A large number of these reports were lab-reports which allegedly showed fraudulent or incomplete results

Authentication in Art is launching a call to submit these reports and other documentation for research purposes. To be used as research material for the prevention of similar practices in the future

When you have – or have suspicions about – a report or documentation on a work of art supposedly made by one of the 85 artists listed below, please send them to:

Authentication in Art
P.O. Box 11574
2502 AN The Hague
The Netherlands

Forged Russian Artists

  1. Jakovlevic Adlivankin
  2. Iwan Aivasovsky
  3. Natan Altman
  4. Yuri Annenkov
  5. Alexander Archipenko
  6. Leon Bakst
  7. Vladimir Baranov-Rossine
  8. Ivan Bilibin
  9. André Bloc
  10. Alexander Borissov
  11. David and/or Wladimir Burliuk
  12. Marc Chagall
  13. Serge Charchoune
  14. Cholnik
  15. Sergei Eisenstein
  16. Wasslii Jermilow (Ermilov)
  17. Alexandra Exter
  18. Robert Falk
  19. Pawel Filonow
  20. Galadschew
  21. Alexander Golovine
  22. Natalia Goncharova
  23. Konstantin Gorbatov
  24. Boris Grigoriev
  25. David Jakerson
  26. Alexej Jawlensky
  27. Wassili Kandinsk
  28. Ivan Kliun
  1. Gustav Klucis
  2. Lasar Khidekel
  3. Valentina Khodasevich
  4. Moise Kisling
  5. Moissey Kogan
  6. Konstantin Korovin
  7. Valentina Kulagina
  8. Pawel Kuznetsov
  9. Wladimir Kozlinsky
  10. Ivan Kudriachov
  11. Boris Kustodiev
  12. Nikolai Lanceray
  13. Michail Larionov
  14. Wladimir Lebedev
  15. Ferdinand Leger
  16. Aristarkh Lentulov
  17. Eliezer “El” Lissitzky
  18. Kasimir Malevich
  19. Ilya Mashkov
  20. Robert Michel
  21. Ignaty Nivinsky
  22. Anatole Petritzki
  23. Kusma Petrov-Vodkin
  24. Serge Poliakoff
  25. Ljubow Popova
  26. Alexandra Potozkaja
  27. Ivan Puni
  28. Kliment Redko
  29. Alexander Rodchenko
  30. Olga Rozanova
  1. Alexander Samokhvalov
  2. Martiros Sarian
  3. Alexander Schewtschenko
  4. Ivan Schischkin
  5. M. Sinjakova
  6. Antonina Sofranova
  7. Konstantin Somov
  8. Warwara Stepanova
  9. David Sterenberg
  10. Nikolai Suetin
  11. Wladimir Tatlin
  12. Serge Tchechonine
  13. Ilja Tschachnik
  14. Jakov Tschernikov
  15. Alexander Tychler
  16. Nadeshda Udalsova
  17. Konstantin Vyalov
  18. Leonid und Wiktor Wesnin
  19. Solomon Youdovine
  20. Kirill Zdanevich

Forged Non-Russian Artists

  1. Karl Hofer
  2. Alberto Giacometti
  3. Paul Klee
  4. Henri Matisse
  5. Joan Miro
  6. Pablo Picasso
  7. Jackson Pollock

A Matter for discussion

The Wiesbaden Landesgericht officially declared three paintings fakes in their verdict, it ordered the other 1797 to be returned to Ithak Z. This has led to Z. proclaiming in the press that his other 1797 works have been exonerated and declared authentic. However this is ignoring the difference in the burden of proof between a penal procedure and an authentication research. In the penal procedure the prosecution has to proof that a work is forged beyond a reasonable doubt (98-99% certainty), which is a hefty task. Especially considering that the forgers checked most of the painting materials with labs in Germany and England. Whether those labs were involved in the forgery-ring is an entirely different discussion.

However when a party attributes a work to a certain artist this burden of proof reverts. The work cannot be attributed to the artist until it is authenticated by art historical, conservatorial and scientific evidence. In case of doubt a work is not considered authentic and the attribution to the artist is not accepted by the art market/world.

It is this difference in burden of proof and the following confusion that Ithak Z. and others involved in forgery cases use to their benefit in the press.

Do you have examples of different cases in which the same has happened or additional views/comments on this matter? Write to us at the address listed above

AiA Unmasked Forgers

The main goal of the Authentication in Art Foundation (AiA) is to stimulate dialogue and the understanding of the authenticity of paintings in all its aspects. These aspects range from understanding the process of (re)discoveries and uncovering forgeries to developing protocols and best practices for authenticity research for catalogues raisonnés, academic research and scholarship

As forgeries are an important part of our field, the Authentication in Art Foundation has compiled a list of unmasked forgers. We want to stress out that all information on this list is not of our own finding, but is based on publications and research of other parties into these forgers’ practices

If you have any additions to this list, please contact us at: info@authenticationinart.org

Name: Marcantonio Raimondi 1480 – 1534
Area of Forgery: Albrecht Dürer
Source on the Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi
Unmasked by: The Artist
Estimate: Not known*

Name: Luca Giordano 1634 – 1705
Area of Forgery: Dürer Painting: Christ heals the paralytic
Remarks: The forger did sign his own name on the painting. The court judged him innocent of forgery
Source on the Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Giordano
Unmasked by: Buyer / Expert
Estimate: Not known

Name: William Sykes, lived in the 18th century
Area of Forgery: Jan van Eyck paintings
Remarks: He bought original paintings contemporary to Van Eyck and added details such as the signature of Van Eyck
Source on the Forger: Charney, Noah, The Art of Forgery: the Minds, Motives and Methods of Master Forgers, pp. 195-197
Unmasked by: Art Historian
Estimate: Not known

Name: Icilio Joni 1866 – 1946
Area of Forgery: 13-15th century Sienese School
Source on Forger: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icilio_Federico_Joni
Unmasked by: Collector/ Art Historian
Estimate: Not known

Name: Jozef van der Veken 1872 – 1964
Area of Forgery: Mainly Flemish painters (15th century)
Source on Forger: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Van_der_Veken
Unmasked by: Art Historian
Estimate: >€ 5 million (in today’s value)

Name: Leonhard Wacker 1895 – Unknown
Area of Forgery: Vincent van Gogh paintings
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wacker
Unmasked by: Press / Police Investigation / Material Scientists / Court
Estimate: >€ 10 million (in today’s value)

Name: Han van Meegeren 1899 – 1947
Area of Forgery: Paintings by Johannes Vermeer and other 17th century Dutch painters
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_van_Meegeren
Unmasked by: Maub van Dantzig / Material Scientists / Court
Estimate: >€ 50 million (in today’s value)

Name: Zhang Daqian 1899 – 1983
Area of Forgery: Chinese paintings from different dynasties
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Daqian
Unmasked by: Art Historian
Estimate: >€ 10 million (in today’s value)

Name: Elmyr de Hory 1905 – 1976
Area of Forgery: Post-Impressionist and Impressionist painters, such as Matisse and Modigliani, but also Picasso
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmyr_de_Hory
Unmasked by: Himself
Estimate: >€ 50 million (in today’s value)

Name: Lothar Malskat 1913 – 1988
Area of Forgery: Medieval fresco’s, most famously the Maria Kirche¸ also 19th and 20th century artist such as Chagall, Munch and Toulouse-Lautrec
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Malskat
Unmasked by: Himself
Estimate: >€ 15 million (in today’s value)

Name: Walter Keane 1915 – 2000
Area of Forgery: He claimed to have painted the paintings in fact made by his wife Margaret Keane
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Keane
Unmasked by: His Wife/ Court
Estimate: >€ 17 million

Name: Tom Keating 1917 – 1984
Area of Forgery: Paintings of almost every style and period, from Italian Renaissance to Impressionisme, from Rembrandt and Titian to Modigliani
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Keating
Unmasked by: Himself
Estimate: >€ 10 million (in today’s value)

Name: Eric Hebborn 1934 – 1996
Area of Forgery: Master painters from different periods, specialisation Old Master drawings
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hebborn
Unmasked by: Himself
Estimate: >€ 30 million (in today’s value)

Name: Antoni Pitxot 1934 – 2015
Area of Forgery: Salvador Dali paintings
Remarks: Worked alongside Dali, it is rumored that Dali approved and signed works made by Pitxot
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Pitxot
Unmasked by: Assistant of Dali
Estimate: >€ 25 million

Name: David Stein 1935 – 1999
Area of Forgery: Post-Modern and Modern French painters such as Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse and George Braque, but also the German painter Paul Klee
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stein_(art_forger)
Unmasked by: Marc Chagall / Police Investigation
Estimate: Not known

Name: Edgar Mrugalla 1938 – 2016
Area of Forgery: Post-Modern and Modern artists such as Picasso, Otto Muller and Erich Heckel
Source on Forger: http://www.mrugalla.com/index.htm
Unmasked by: Art Dealers/ Police Investigation
Estimate: >€ 15 million

Name: Cor van Loenen 1942 – Present
Area of Forgery: Dutch Impressionist/ Expressionist group, The Groninger Ploeg
Source on Forger: https://authenticationinart.org/pdf/artlaw/Groninger-Ploeg.pdf
Unmasked by: Johan Meijering / Material Research ARRS / Court
Estimate: >€ 5 million

Name: Geert Jan Jansen 1943 – Present
Area of Forgery: 19th and 20th century painters, such as Karel Appel, Henry Matisse and Pablo Picasso
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Jan_Jansen
Unmasked by: Police Investigation / Court
Estimate: >€ 10 million

Name: John Myatt 1945 – Present
Area of Forgery: Modern and contemporary masters in different media
Remarks: Claims he did not know his works were being sold as originals, became an asset for the British police in finding other forgers
Source on Forger: http://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/archive/19990718mag-art-forger.html
Unmasked by: Police Investigation
Estimate: >€ 25 million

Name: William Blundell 1947 – Present
Area of Forgery: Australian artists suchs as Russell Drysdale, Sidney Nolan and Brett Whiteley, but also French Impressionist Claude Monet
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blundell
Unmasked by: John Curver
Estimate: Not Known

Name: Guy Ribes 1947 – Present
Area of Forgery: Chagall, Renoir, Dali, Leger, Modigliani, Braque, Matisse. Many of his forgeries were made on commission.
Source on Forger: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Ribes
Unmasked by: Police Investigation
Estimate: Not Known

Name: Anthony Gene Tetro 1950 – Present
Area of Forgery: Almost every style and period of paintings, from Rembrandt to Chagall, from Dali to Rothko
Source on Forger: http://tonytetro.com/
Unmasked by: Hiro Yamagata / Police Investigation
Estimate: Not known

Name: Wolfgang Belltracchi 1951 – Present
Area of Forgery: 20th century painters such as Heinrich Campendonk, Max Ernst en Fernand Léger
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Beltracchi
Unmasked by: Ralph Jentsch / Material Scientists / Court
Estimate: >€ 100 million

Name: Ely Sakhai 1952 – Present
Area of Forgery: Post-Impressionist and Impressionist paintings
Remarks: Bought the original paintings, which he then had copied by a studio of Chinese immigrants. He sold the copies with the certificates of authenticity and other documents belonging to the original
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_Sakhai
Unmasked by: Police Investigation / Auction Houses
Estimate: >€ 25 million

Name: Mark Landis 1955 – Present
Area of Forgery: Mainly Impressionist paintings, both European and American. But also 16th century paintings, by for example Hans van Aken
Soure on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Landis
Unmasked by: Archivist
Estimate: >€ 5 million

Name: Shaun Greenhalgh 1961 – Present
Area of Forgery: Almost anything, from antique reliëfs to Post-Modern sculptures and paintings
Source on Forger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Greenhalgh
Unmasked by: Police Investigation / Court
Estimate: Not Known

Name: Alfredo Martinez Unknown – Present
Area of Forgery: Paintings by Jean Michel Basquiat
Source on Forger: http://www.inenart.eu/?p=12787
Unmasked by: Police Investigation / Court
Estimate: >€ 25 million

Name: Ken Perenyi Unknown – Present
Area of Forgery: 18th and 19th century painters, mainly B-category painters such as James Buttersworth, Martin Johnson Heade and Gilbert Stuart
Source on Forger: http://www.kenperenyi.com/
Unmasked by: Himself
Estimate: >€ 5 million

Name: Alexander Archipenko Jr. Unknown – Present
Area of Forgery: 20th century Russian painters, such as Kasimir Malevich, Igor Larionov, Natalia Goncherova, Vasily Kandisnky and Alexej von Jawlensky
Source on Forger: Police Reports
Unmasked by: Material Scientists
Estimate: >€ 15 million

Name: Pei-Shen Qian 1940 (probably) – Present
Area of Forgery: Post-Modern painters such as, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Willem de Kooning
Remarks: Made his forgeries for Glafira Rosales, Qian was the artist behind the Knoedler Gallery forgeries, facilitated by a ring of experts and art dealers
Source on Forger: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/17/nyregion/struggling-immigrant-artist-tied-to-80-million-new-york-fraud.html?_r=0=
Unmasked by: Police Investigation / Press / Court
Estimate: > € 85 million

Name: Eric Spoutz 1985 – Present
Area of Forgery: Post-Modern painters such as, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline and Joane Mitchel
Source on Forger: https://authenticationinart.org/pdf/artmarket/eric-spoutz-sentenced.pdf
Unmasked by: FBI investigation
Estimate: > € 1,5 million

*The estimates are based on open sources and are an indication of the basic amount of profit forgers made by their activities

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